Dr. Bryant Allen submitted this thesis as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University in 1969. In 1976 he completed a PhD at the Australian National University titled Information flow and innovation diffusion in the East Sepik district, Papua New Guinea.

Dr. Allen carried out research in the Cook Islands in the 1960s and in Papua New Guinea from the 1970s to the present. His main interests are in the sustainability of agricultural systems and rural development. He has studied a number of PNG agricultural systems and has defined, mapped and described all PNG agricultural systems with Mike Bourke and Robin Hide. He has used the agricultural systems databases, to identify poor and disadvantaged areas in PNG, and has worked on food security and on the social and economic aspects of road maintenance. He is a co-author of the PNG Rural Development Handbook. He now works as a consultant for AusAID, FAO and the World Bank.

Foreward
Preface
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
Glossary of Terms

Introduction, p.1
Chapter I: The Mangaian Environment, p.3
Mangaia, p.3
Mangaian ecological conceptions, p.4
Soils, p.8
Climate, p.12
Mangaian crops, p.14
Ecological zones and land use, p.19

Chapter II: The Mangaian Society, p.28
Major population trends, 1821-1966, p.28
District populations, p.36
Social organisation, p.44
Land tenure, p.48
The village, p.53
Changing social status, p.57

Chapter III: Traditional Agriculture and the Cultivation of Food Crops, p.79
Present patterns of cultivation, p.65
Animals, p.76

Chapter IV: The Development of Commercial Agriculture
Initial moves towards surplus agricultural production, p.79
The introduction of cash crops, p.82
Increased contacts with the advanced economy, p.85
Post 1945 advances in commercial agriculture, p.92
Technological aid and a new market, p.92
Conclusions, p.96

Chapter V: The Extent of Commercialisation in 1967, p.101
Pineapple production, p.101
Sources of income, p.106
Technology, p.118
Patterns of labour, p.129
The use of credit, p.138
The occupational status of agriculture, p.143
Commercialisation and the perception of problems, p.154
Entrepreneurial activity, p.154
Conclusion, p.161

Conclusion, p.164

Appendices

William Gray (1854-1937) was born near Gawler, South Australia. He obtained his BA from Adelaide Uni. and graduated in divinity from Union College in 1880, the first Presbyterian student to complete the course. He spent 1881, the year of his ordination, in medical training at Adelaide Hospital and as Minister to the congre-gations of Goodwood and Mount Barker. He married Elizabeth McEwen in 1882 and shortly after they sailed for Weasisi, Tanna, New Hebrides in the Dayspring. Gray was the first Presbyterian Church of South Australia missionary to the New Hebrides. He produced a grammar, primer, hymnal and translation of Luke's Gospel in the Tanna language. At the age of 71 Gray became head of the Smith of Dunesk Presbyterians Mission which later became the nucleus of John Flynn's Australian Inland Mission. See also PMB 1047 and 1048.

The collection is divided into three parts.

Part I - Personal Diaries (seven) (Please see PMB 1047 for diaries 1882-84)1 September 1884 to 31 August 1885<BR>1 September 1885 to 31 March 1887<BR>1 April 1887 to 28 April 1889<BR>1 May 1889 to 12 September 1891<BR>12 September 1891 to 31 July 1893<BR>1 August 1893 to 11 March 1898<BR>Medical diary containing case notes, including his wife's confinements, 1882-94

Part II - Miscellaneous Papers<BR>1 - Diary of Andrew Gray, typescript copy, 1794-1816, 10pp; newspaper clipping ?1935 by J.D. Allan Gray (grandson).<BR>2 - Genealogy of the Gray family prepared by William Gray, 15pp handwritten and a 14-page typescript copy<BR>3 - Photograph of Bishop John Gray with notes on reverse; brief history, 1p; photograph of William Gray's mother, Elizabeth Milne<BR>4 - Marriage certificate of William Gray and Elizabeth McEwen, 1882<BR>5 - Birth certificate of William Watt Erskine Gray, 1888<BR>6 - Birth certificate of Winifred Nellie Turner, 1898<BR>7 - Marriage certificate of William W.E. Gray and Winifred N. Turner, 1917<BR>8 - Short history of William Gray on his death in 1937, handwritten (author unknown); press clipping from The Banner, article entitled 'A Bush Batism'<BR>9 - 5 letters to William W.E. Gray, Winifred Gray and the S.A. Caledonian Society Inc. from William Gray re the disposition of books, manuscripts and papers, 1931, 1932 and 1937<BR>10 - Brief history of Church's partici-pation in mission fields in the New Hebrides, William Gray, 1936, 6pp 11 - Typescript article entitled 'Tanna', by William Gray, 3pp<BR>12 - Typescript article entitled 'The New Hebrides, news from Tanna: A Natives' Conference' by William Gray, 5pp<BR>13 - Account of the wreck of the Ferdinand de Lessops, by William Gray, handwritten, 10pp<BR>14 - Notes by clerk of Synod on New Hebrides Mission Synod, 1882, 2pp<BR>15 - Extracts from letters from British and Foreign Bible Society, 1895<BR>16 - Extracts from Journal of Rev. Oscar Michelson, 1897, 10pp<BR>17 - Notes from Minutes of New Hebrides Synod, 1899<BR>18 - Typescript copy of letter written in English by Nuvau, a man on Tanna, dated June 29th 1932 to Thomas Watt, son of William Watt a missionary on Tanna for forty years, 1p<BR>s19 - 'Some Notes on the Tannese' in Internationales Archiv fur Ethnographie, Bd. VII. 1894, pp 227-241, illustrated. Reprint of article by William Gray, 1892<BR>20 - 'William and Elizabeth Gray, Life on Tanna, New Hebrides' draft of a family history begun by William Watt Erskine Gray, incomplete, 1953<BR>21 - Correspondence from Queensland re whereabouts of missing Kanakas

Part III - Correspondence to William Gray<BR>The correspondence has been arranged in alphabetical order by the owner. The correspondents are:<BR>Annand, 1894; Australian New Hebrides Company Ltd, 1894; Braithwaite G., 1882-88; British and Foreign Bible Society, 1896; Connell W., 1887; Copeland J., 1887; Cosh J. 1885-94; Cronstedt A., 1894; Forlong H., 1895-96; Fraser R., 1886; Freeman R., 1884; Goodlet and Smith Ltd, 1893-96 (for church at Aniwa); Gunn W., 1883-1902; Ingliss J., 1888; Johnson C.F.; Leggatt Watt F., 1887-94; Landel J., 1894; Lawrie J., 1894; Lyall J. and Lyall H., 1885-88; Macdonald D., 1884-85; MacKenzie J., 1888-1902; Macmillan T., 1894-1911; Martin A., 1894; Michelsen O., 1884-95; Milne P., 1884-95; Morton A., 1887; Murdo R., 1887; Murray C., 1886-87; Paton D., F. and J., 1882-94; Presbyterian Church of South Australia, 1894; Presbyterian Church of Victoria, 1894; Rolland N., 1894; Smaill T., 1894; Steel R., 1882; Watt Agnes, 1893-94; Watt W., 1887-1902There are also 3 letters by the same correspondent whose name is difficult to read, E.J. Suraski?, written from Whitesand January/February 1886. The correspondent and another (Mr Collins?) were shot at by natives and their house broken into and robbed. William Gray offered refuge at his home if the correspondent was unable to get a ship to take him off. See reference to this incident in Elizabeth Gray's journal, PMB 1048.The last item is a letter signed by the Commander of the Raven, Frank Murphy?, 1887

Joanne Wodak worked as a Tutor then Senior Tutor in literature at the University of Papua New Guinea from 1968-1970. This collection is the result of research conducted in Ombisusu in the latter part of the first half of 1969. It consists of stories by inhabitants of Ombisusu that were mostly translated into English, some left in the original language, and written down or typed by the researcher after recording them on tape. The aim of collecting stories was to keep them for the benefit of the children of Ombisusu villagers and for other people in Papua New Guinea. The collection contains origin stories, history stories and clan stories.

The Tuimaleali'ifano title is one of the four princely titles in Samoa.

Legal documents and some related material concerning cases in 1949, 1976 and 1977 in the Land and Titles Court of Western Samoa re disputes on succession of the Tuimaleali'ifano title. <P><b>See reel list for further details</b>

Uncatalogued manuscripts held in the archives and library at the Evech‚ in Papeete, including the following compilations by P. Amerigo Cools: <I>D‚buts de la Mission Catholique … Tahiti, 1841-1842: extraits du journal en Aph‚m‚rides du P. Satutnin Fournier; FrŠre Martin Darque, missionnaire des sacr‚s-coeurs [1816-1863]: documentation; L'Evˆch‚ de Papeete et les FrŠres Bƒtisseurs; Le PŠre Germain Fierens et la conversion de Napuka; La lettre du P. Albert Montiton ss.cc. sur les traditions et coutumes de Paumotous; La Mission Catholiques de L'Ile de Pƒques: rapport de Mgr Tepano Jaussen sur la destruction de la mission; les huit lettres du P. Gaspar Zuhmbohm.</I><BR>Together with a history of the Picpus Order in Polynesia, <I>Les Picpusiens en Ployn‚sie</I>, probably by P. Venance Prat, published as four separate pamphlets between 1964 and 1968; Jean Charlot (comp.), <I>Journal de D‚sir‚ Louis Maigret, premiŠre partie Les Gambier, 1834 … 1840</I>; P. Maurice Desmedt ss cc, <I>P. Clair Fouqu‚ ss.cc. et la conversion de l'archipel Tuamotu; Statistiques - marriages, baptˆmes, communions pascales, 1841-1880</I>; L'abb‚ Tryphon Mama Taira Putairi, <I>E atoga Magareva mei te ao eteni roa</I>. Cahier 10; Josepha Teuho a Tepage, <I>Legends and History from the Tuamotus</I>, transcribed (in Tuamotu) by Ignace Estall, with other related material.<P><B>See reel lists for further information</B>

These Patrol Officer field notebooks are about the Worin village of the Huon Peninsular in the Morobe District of New Guinea. Edwin Ernst Styants primarily kept the first register, but during the period 1944-1946, Patrol Officers L. Williams, Stuart Rylands and A.J. Leyden also recorded their observations and findings. The register includes clear instructions and orders on how to compile or record the names of village men and women and their dates of birth if known. Patrol officers recorded the names of all the village and hamlets inhabitants including those who were absent on indentured labour recruitments. The details recorded provided valuable and useful census data for the colonial authorities. This data formed the basis of the inspecting officer of the Department of District Services to crosscheck all births, deaths, migrations or relocations.

This register also lists the names of village or group, hamlets, native district, Luluai, Tultul, Medical Tultul by the Patrol Officer. There are blank pages for patrolling officers to enter their notes and instructions for the inspecting officers of the Department of District Services. The first register lists Uron as the Luluai of the Dopet hamlet and Dingson of the Nakom hamlet. Tultul MUSU of Mumbok served for 24 years and was presented a signed certificate of his services at Mumeng on 22nd October 1962. The Medical Tutul was SIWI of Dopet hamlet.

Of note in the first register is an entry stating that Tultul Dunjiyong wielded considerable power and was instrumental in giving full assistance to Peter Ryan during the Second World War. Ryan was the author of ‘Fear Drive My Feet’, a classic memoir of his time patrolling isolated regions of New Guinea during World War 2/World War II.

The second Village Register is divided into the following columns:
Males, Females, Estimated or known Year of birth. The entries in these columns have their original native names and often lists husband and wife but also whether the adult member of the village lives on his or her own.

General information on condition of roads, tracks, water supplies, gardens, distances between the villages as well as sanitation and latrines. All are hand written by the visiting Patrol Officers.

Please see PMB 738 for full entry.

Continued from PMB 757 - Volume 17: correspondence 1900-09.
Volume 18: Reports, estimates, financial statements and correspondence, 1910-19, from mission stations on Abaiang, Kusaie, Guam, Ocean Island, Nauru, Majuro and Jaluit. The correspondents are Elizabeth Baldwin, Jane Baldwin, Herbert E.B. Case, Irving Channon, Salome and Philip Delaporte, Richard Grenfell, Carl Heine, Jessie R. Hoppin, Effa Lanbach, Charles Maas, M.S. Maas, Alya Meitzner, C. Rife, Marion P. Wells, Louise Wilson, T.J. Woodward, and Marion Woodward (continued on PMB 759 and 760).

Please see PMB 738 for full entry.

Continued from PMB 752 - Volume 13: correspondence, 1890-99.
Volume 14: Reports, minutes, estimates, cables and statistics, etc., 1900-09, relating to mission stations in the Gilbert Islands and on Guam, Kusaie, Ponape, Truk, the Mortlock Islands and Nauru (continued on PMB 754).

Farquhar, a farmer of Maryborough, Queensland, visited New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands and New Hebrides (Vanuatu) in the schooner 'City of Melbourne' in November 1870 to January 1871 to recruit Pacific Islander labourers for himself and other farmers in Maryborough. He made a second voyage to New Caledonia, the New Hebrides and Banks Islands in the schooner Petrel in September 1871-January 1872 as a government agent under the Polynesian Labourers' Act of 1868.

Description of the two voyages mentioned above.

Arundel (1814-1919) was a leading figure in the Pacific phosphate industry from the 1860s until his death, active largely in Kiribati and Nauru. See Pacific Islands Monthly, April 1974, pp.59-61.

The correspondence is chiefly with Lord Stanmore who was chairman of the Pacific Islands Company Ltd, and later the Pacific Phosphate Company Ltd, of which Arundel was the Vice-Chairman.