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Journals of Reverend Peter Milne

  • AU PMB MS 1403
  • Colección
  • 1868-1906

This collection includes a significant sequence of journals covering Peter Milne's early years and ministry training, before giving an extended account of the mission in the New Hebrides at Nguna (Hocken Collections MS-0432/16 to MS-0432/23). They differ from the diaries in that they are written later as a more considered narrative, rather than daily notes. There are several numbered volumes, with consecutive pagination.

Milne, Peter

Papers re Samoa

  • AU PMB MS 583
  • Colección
  • 1899 - 1906

Please see PMB 581 for full entry.

The documents comprise:

  1. Official and political papers and correspondence re presidency of the municipality of Apia, 1899
  2. Miscellaneous papers and press clippings, re presidency of the municipality of Apia, 1899
  3. -9. Official and political papers and press clippings re governorship of Samoa, 1900-1906 (7 vols). These include an unpublished paper by Dr Erich Schultze on 'The development of the political situation in Samoa'. Dr Schultze was Solf's successor as governor.

Solf, Wilhelm Heinrich

Articles, letters and miscellaneous papers

  • AU PMB MS 1042
  • Colección
  • 1873 - 1907

Please see PMB 1039 for full entry
This collection (MS 7080, Box 3) consists of the following:
FOLDER 1 - Letters to Lorimer Fison: Items 9-11; George Taplin, 1873: Meru tribe kinship, Murray River; Items 12-19; R.H. Codrington, 1892-3: New guinea and Melanesian languages; Items 20-22; H.M. Jackson, Government House, Suva, 1903; Items 23-24; Wm MacGregor, 1888: New Guinea ethnology and languages; Items 25-37; Basil Thomson, 1893: Fijian culture; recall to London; Items 38-39; A.W. Howitt, 1905; Items 40-41; J.G. Frazer, 1907: Frazer compliments Spencer and Gillen on their work and discusses his plans for an anthropological fund at Liverpool, UK.; Items 42-48; W. Skeat, 1903-4: Fiji/Tonga linguistics; publication of Fison article; Items 49-59; J.B. Thurston, 1872 (incomplete) and 1893; Items 60-61; W.E. Bennett, 1903; Items 62-63; S.E. Peal (incomplete); Items 64-65; Letter from J. Hall, Fison's secretary, to J.G. Frazer, 1905; Item 65a; List of distinguished acquaintances
FOLDER 2 - Correspondence with J.G. Frazer; Item 66-104; 1896-1907: mostly anthropology of Australian Aborigines
FOLDER 3 - Notes and Tables: Item 105-167; Mostly in Fison's hand, includes 7 returned questionnaires. Principal subjects are kinship and language among the Australian Aborigines, but there is also material on Dobu (New Guinea) and Fijian languages. Includes kinship tables for tribes in the Murray River, SA; Murray/Darling; Yorke Peninsula, SA; Omeo & Gippsland, VIC; Jervis Bay, NSW areas.
FOLDER 4 - Articles: Item 168-208; A signed mss copy of 'Land tenure in Fiji': Item 209-224; Fellows, Rev. S.B. 'Grammar of the Pannieti dialect, British New Guinea, together with comprehensive vocabulary'. Proof copy.; Item 225-233; Sketch maps (2) and comparative lists of the vocabulary of New Guinea dialects: Saibai, Uroi, Baribara, Kaura, Moi, Wapi, Ari, Moipalo, Kubilo, A'loto, Bau, Gaiga, Kaipu, Kaurarega, Gudang; Item 234; Note (incomplete) on numerals of New Guinea dialects; Item 235; A comparative vocabulary of New Guinea languages.
FOLDER 5 - Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol.X, February 1874; Item 236; On pp.154-179 is Fison's article 'The classificatory system of kinship'. The volume bears the signature of E.M. Curr and his handwritten critique of Fison's article. Also marked in the table of contents is an article, on pp. 100-105, 'Abstract of a paper on Aboriginal art in Australasia, Polynesia, and Oceania, and its decay' by H.E. Pain.

Fison, Lorimer

Papers

  • AU PMB MS 91
  • Colección
  • 1898 - c.1909

Walter Edward Gudgeon (1842-1920) succeeded F.J. Moss as British Resident in the Cook Islands in September 1898. On the annexation of those islands by New Zealand in 1901, he became the first Resident Commissioner. He held this post until 1909.
The papers are entitled:

  1. The Activities of Walter Moss in the Pacific or the Eccentricities of a British Resident, (43 pp. typescript)
  2. Cook Islands Maori Genealogical Tables (15pp. Mss and typescript)
  3. The Kingdom in the Pacific (20 pp. typescript)
  4. Letter to Lord Ranfurly of September 20, 1898 (3 pp. Mss)
  5. The L.M.S. in the South Seas (6 pp. typescript)
  6. The London Mission: Its Policy and Peculiarities (14 pp. typescript)
  7. The London Mission Society in the Cook and Northern Islands (21 pp. typescript)
  8. Message to the Cook Islands Parliament dated September 26, 1898 (3 pp. Mss).

Gudgeon, Walter Edward

New Hebrides Mission photograph album, 1889-1909

  • AU PMB PHOTO 82
  • Colección
  • 1889-1909

This album was most likely compiled by Church members to promote the work of the Mission in the New Hebrides. It includes pictures taken by the mission on the islands of Aneityum, Tanna, Erromanga, Efate, Nguna, Tongoa, Tangoa, Epi, Ambrym and Santo. Photographs are of varied subjects including the processing of arrowroot to raise funds for the church, local houses on Nguna, Santo and Epi, groups of local women and children, and mat making on Ambrym. There are also images of mission buildings on Futuna, Tanna, Ambrym and Nguna. One photograph shows Taripoliu, a chief of Nguna, with his family.

Photographs date from 1889 to 1909 and are mounted into an album with captions. Some images have deteriorated.

The New Hebrides Mission from the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand:
The Presbyterian Church began sending missionaries to the New Hebrides (today known as Vanuatu) in the mid-19th Century. The first missionary was Rev. John Geddie of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia who arrived on the island of Aneityum in 1848. Subsequent missionaries came from the Presbyterian Churches of New Zealand, Canada, Scotland and Australia (Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and New South Wales).

In New Zealand an interest in supporting a Christian mission to the New Hebrides was fostered when Rev. John Inglis of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland toured the country in 1852 following a three month tour of the New Hebrides and Solomon Islands. In that same year, Inglis and his wife joined Geddie on Aneityum. Rev. John Inglis continued to send regular reports of his work to New Zealand, leading to increasing interest from the Church there in sending their own missionaries to the islands.

The Presbyterian Church of New Zealand was at that time divided up into the “Northern Church” and the “Southern Church” (consisting of the Provinces of Otago and Southland). The Southern Church was based on the ideals of the Free Church of Scotland and these principles influenced its mission work for many years. For over 40 years the two Churches worked separately, with mission activities during this time operating independently of each other.

Over several decades the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand sent a number of missionaries to the New Hebrides including the following people. The information below includes the missionaries' date of arrival in the New Hebrides, the name of the missionary and the name of the main island on which they worked:

1866, Rev. William Watt, Tanna
1870, Rev. Peter Milne, Nguna
1879, Rev. Oscar Michelsen, Tongoa
1885, Rev. Charles Murray, Ambrym
1889, Rev. Thomas Smaill, Epi
1892, Rev. Dr. Lamb, Ambrym
1899, Dr. John Bowie, Ambrym
1903, Rev. Thomas Riddle, Epi
1905, Rev. William V. Milne, Nguna (born on Nguna in 1877)
1932, Rev. Basil Nottage, Tongoa
1938, Rev. Ken Crump, Nguna
1941, Rev. J.G. Miller, Tongoa
1944, Rev. Ian Muir, Emae and Epi
1948, Rev. A.G. Horwell, Epi

In the early years there was no organised or reliable shipping service to the individual islands of the New Hebrides so it was important for the Church to have their own vessel to bring regular supplies from Australia and New Zealand. A boat was also necessary for transport to other mission stations. Although the New Hebrides missionaries were responsible for their home churches and allotted areas and islands, they worked closely together on common issues and met annually for a mission Synod meeting. New Zealand Presbyterian Church worked in conjunction with the Australian Presbyterian Church to raise money and purchased a mission supply vessel, the “Dayspring I”. This 115 ton brigantine was launched in Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1863. It was lost in a hurricane ten years later and replaced by a second hand schooner, the “Dayspring II” in 1876. The Dayspring II was sold prior to 1890 as she was too small and slow and uncomfortable to sail in. The Australian missionary Dr. John G. Paton raised £6000 during a visit to Britain in 1884-1885 and later increased the donations to £7000. The “Dayspring III” was built on the Clyde in Scotland to the order of the Victorian Presbyterian Church Foreign Missions Committee. She was 157 feet long and arrived in Australia in 1895. On only her fourth voyage to the islands, she sank on the 16th October 1896 after striking an uncharted coral reef near New Caledonia. The decision was made not to replace the vessel.

The New Hebrides Mission shared a practical concern for the everyday needs of island people. In addition to converting local people to Christianity, the missionaries worked to improve education, through the introduction of schools where the training of local mission teachers was initiated. The Tangoa Teachers’ Training Institute opened at Tangoa, South Santo, in 1895. The purpose of the Institute was to train local teachers and it was supported by all the Protestant missions working throughout the New Hebrides. Missionaries also worked to improve health education and services and encouraged the production of arrowroot and island trading as a means to generate revenue. Arrowroot powder was shipped to New Zealand and other countries, where it was initially distributed by women’s missionary groups and later by commercial organisations. The funds from the sale of arrowroot were used to build additional churches in the islands and, in some cases, as a donation towards New Zealand mission funds to be used elsewhere. From 1880 to 1918 on Nguna alone, over 26 tons of arrowroot was produced.

By 1910, the work of the New Hebrides Mission was declining. This was partly due to a rapidly decreasing population on the islands and a feeling that little room existed for further expansion of mission work, as by then most areas were adequately covered. The reduction in population was primarily caused by introduced European illnesses and epidemics which decimated the local population. The Queensland labour trade had also had an impact on the local population, with many locals having decided to remain in Queensland.

In 1947 there was a general consensus held among the Island missionaries that the local church was ready to assume control of its own affairs. A constitution was drawn up, and after amendments submitted by the New Zealand and Australian Mission Committees and the New Hebrides Mission Synod, it was adopted. At a Centennial Synod meeting in 1948, the 100th anniversary of the arrival of the Rev. John Geddie, the local church was placed fully in charge of its own affairs. The island mission councils for Australia and New Zealand were then limited to the affairs of their immediate mission staff. The New Zealand Church continued to provide a large financial grant to the New Hebrides Presbyterian Church. A continued focus remained on training church leaders and education more generally. The Tangoa Training Institute later introduced a curriculum of advanced theological studies.

In the early 1950s, the New Zealand Missions Committee responded to the request for assistance to establish a High School at Onesua on Efate, along with funds and personnel to set up and run a small hospital on Tongoa. The Committee viewed this project as a practical means by which the New Zealand Church could provide for a social need rather than a means for furthering evangelistic opportunities. This policy shift in Mission funding opened up other opportunities for aid from the New Zealand Church including developing Navota Farm and opening the Maropa religious bookshop in Port Vila, training local islanders to be trades people and undertake the building work. The New Zealand Bible Class volunteer scheme sent out young people during the 1960s to assist with building, administration and nursing. The Mission, at the request of the Presbyterian Church of the New Hebrides, divested itself of all remaining authority in the Islands so that the New Zealand missionaries effectively worked for the New Hebrides Church. In 1965 a memorandum was prepared which defined the terms of “responsible partnership” and sought to define the responsibilities of each partner. The Church continues today as the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu.

For more information about New Hebrides Mission collections at the Archives of the Presbyterian Research Centre, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa, and New Zealand, see: http://www.archives.presbyterian.org.nz/missions/newhebrideshistory.htm

Foreign Missions Committee

Notebook

  • AU PMB MS 3
  • Colección
  • c1865 - 1909

The Rev. James Egan Moulton (1841-1909) was a noted Methodist missionary in Tonga from 1865 to 1906. He was the founder of Tubou College, Nuku'alofa.

1.Tongan history from 1797-1854, commencing with the death of Mumui on 29/4/1797. 2. The history of the Tui Kano Kupolu. 3. Story of origin of Fakafonua. 4. Legends: Bugalotohoa and Munimatahai; Abakula; The Fuaa; Lafa

Moulton, James Egan

Dictionaries and vocabularies

  • AU PMB MS 60
  • Colección
  • c.1909

Dictionaries and vocabulary lists from the Roman Catholic Mission, New Hebrides (now Vanuatu):

  1. Dictionary of the language of Aoba (Ambae) by Father J.B. Prin, S.M. (French-Aoba).
  2. Grammaire de Melsisi - Grammar of the language of Melsisi (Pentecost) by Father Joseph Niel, S.M.
  3. Dictionary of the language of Melsisi (Pentecost) by X (French-Melsisi).
  4. Dictionary of the language of Melsisi (Pentecost) by Father Elie Tattevin, S.M. (French-Melsisi) A-D only.
  5. Dictionary of the language of Wala (Malekula) by Father Casimir Salomon, S.M. (French-Wala).
  6. Vocabulary of the Loltong language of Pentecost by Father Pierre Gonnet, S.M. (Loltong-French and French-Loltong).
  7. Vocabulary of the Loltong language of Pentecost by Father Elie Tattevin, S.M. (Loltong-French).
  8. Vocabulary of the Loltong language of Pentecost by Father Elie Tattevin, S.M. (French-Loltong).

Roman Catholic Mission, New Hebrides

Photographs from the Tongan Papers of Reverend Shirley W. Baker and Beatrice Baker

  • AU PMB PHOTO 8
  • Colección
  • c.1870-1910

Photographs relating to Tonga from the papers of Reverend Shirley W. Baker and Beatrice Baker.
The Reverend Shirley Waldemar Baker (1836-1903) was an English Wesleyan missionary who arrived in Tonga from Australia in 1860. During his stay of more than 30 years, Baker became a close adviser to King Tupou I and, like the King, an active promoter of Tonga’s independence in the face of European colonial expansion in the south Pacific. Baker’s many disputes with other Europeans in Tonga, most notably with his fellow missionary James Moulton, and especially with the British government officials in Fiji and elsewhere, generated a degree of controversy unique among 19th-century missionaries working in the Pacific. His metamorphosis into a politician culminated in his appointment as Premier of Tonga. (John Spurway, ‘Baker Papers’, Journal of Pacific History, 38:2, 2003.)

These papers of Rev. Shirley and Beatrice Baker were bequeathed to the Mitchell Library by Dorothy Crozier along with her own research papers. They were transferred from the Mitchell Library to the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau in August 2001. Lillian Baker, a daughter of Shirley Baker who lived in Ha’apai, gave the papers to Dorothy Crozier in 1950 when Ms Crozier was researching culture change in Tonga under the supervision of Professor Raymond Firth

Baker, Beatrice

The New Hebrides Magazine. A journal of the missionary and general information regarding the islands of the New Hebrides (Sydney).

  • AU PMB DOC 459
  • Colección
  • Oct 1900-Oct 1911

Early issues of the <i>New Hebrides Magazine</i> were edited by Dr William Gunn of Aneityium and promoted by Rev. Dr Robertson of Erromanga under the auspices of the Foreign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church in Victoria. Dr Gunn also printed some of the early issues. The Synod then decided that the journal should be printed in Australia. A few issues were printed in Sydney, but after 1905 it was printed by Arbuckle, Waddell & Fawckner in Melbourne. In 1905 Rev. T Wattlegatt of Malekula became Editor for about three years, but he moved to Victoria in 1906 and as he felt out of touch with the New Hebrides resigned as Editor. Rev. F H L Paton, Foreign Missions Secretary of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria then took over as Editor. The <i>New Hebrides Magazine</i> was succeeded by <i>Our Missionaries at work : a journal of missionary information</i> (Vol.1, no.1-Vol.6, no.4, Dec 1911-Oct 1917) issued by the Presbyterian Church in Victoria.

Nos.1-41, Oct 1900-Oct 1911. See Finding aids for details.

Foreign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church in Victoria

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