In 2024, Indonesia will hold elections in a new format, involving the simultaneous conduct of elections in all provinces and regencies/cities. Over the last few years, Papua has experienced a high level of electoral volatility compared to Indonesia’s other regions, primarily as a result of horizontal conflict stemming from political contestation between Papuan factions. The Papua Regional Police (Polda) have indicated that at least 12 Papuan regencies are likely to experience volatility during the 2024 election, partly as a result of the continued use of the noken system.

Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade